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Oxygen 17
10% Oxygen 17 - water
10% enriched 17 - gas
Oxygen 18
97 % oxygen 18 - water
97 % oxygen 18 - gas
10 % oxygen 18 - water
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land. The atmosphere contains 23.1 % by weight of free oxygen.
Oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes: Oxygen-16 (99.76% at.), Oxygen-17 (0.04% at.) and Oxygen-18 (0.20% at.). The difference of mass numbers of isotopes affects their physical properties to a small extent, and therefore oxygen isotope composition of various natural compounds are approximately equal. The content of Oxygen-18 in the air, fresh water and ocean water is 0.204% at., 0.198% at. and 0.200% at. respectively. The content of Oxygen-18 in various minerals varies by no more than 0.008% at. Therefore, air or natural water can be used as a raw material for the enrichment of 18O
Distillation of water has been chosen by MARSHALL as the base method for enriching the 18O from its natural abundance to a level of To achieve this target, packed distillation columns are used in the separation process.
The columns are arranged in a cascade specifically designed to optimize the production process. Moreover, water is most convenient to store, transport and use of the Oxygen-18 as a precursor for the synthesis of Fluorine-18.
Natural water can be regarded as a mixture of low-boiling component 16O with a boiling point at normal pressure of 100 "degrees celsius" and high-boiling component 18O with boiling point 100.15. "degrees celsius"
To achieve the 18O enrichment target, packed distillation columns are used in the separation process. The columns are arranged in a cascade specifically designed to optimize the production process. In this type of column, a large number of theoretical plates in a given height are achieved. The production of the packing is a proprietary knowhow of Marshall. Highly efficient packing is crucial for the process. Each column is equipped with steam reboiler at the bottom, water cooled condenser at the top and connection to a vacuum system which maintains controlled and constant vacuum at the column.